The forward view for new construction work in the United Kingdom over the next decade is that there will be fewer new build projects on green-field sites and proportionally more work refurbishing existing buildings. This change will require professionals to develop different skills, assessing the condition of old structures and specifying appropriate remedial works. Equally, there will be a greater need for tradespeople who understand traditional building materials and techniques to carry out the renovation work. The question is often raised: Where do professionals and tradespeople gain this knowledge and experience? One recognized center of knowledge in the UK where advice is given about the renovation and conservation of old buildings is the Weald & Downland Open-Air Museum (Photo 1), which offers an invaluable training resource. This article describes more about the work of the museum and the educational services it provides. This year’s annual conference, held within the museum’s innovative Downland Gridshell, brought together respected practitioners who spoke about the development of timber roofs since Saxon times. The Weald and Downland Museum The Weald & Downland Open-Air Museum near Chichester, West Sussex, England, is the home of more than 50 ancient buildings that have been reassembled on the 50-acre site. Some of the buildings date back to the 13th Century. Their roofs have been covered in thatch, clay tiles, and wood shingles. The museum has become a national center of excellence and runs an extensive program of adult education courses on traditional rural trades and crafts and building conservation. The museum was established more than 40 years ago and is a registered charity. One of its aims is to save buildings that are threatened with demolition and to exhibit them in such a way as to help visitors appreciate the rich heritage of historic buildings in the region. The museum also promotes the retention of buildings on their original sites whenever possible and encourages an informed and sympathetic approach to their preservation and continuing use. The Bayleaf farmhouse is perhaps the most iconic structure at the museum (Photos 2-5). A timber-framed hall house dating mainly from the early 15th Century, it is a typical example of a house in the D e c e m b e r 2 0 1 2 I n t e r f a c e • 2 7 Photo 1 – The Market Hall, Medieval Shop, and Upper Hall. Weald region of southeast England, with the characteristic features of the recessed front wall of the hall and the two end chambers jettied out at the front. The building has an open hall in the middle, entered from a cross passage, with the buttery and pantry service rooms at one end, and at the other, the parlor and cellar. The building was surveyed by the Wealden buildings study group in its original location before being dismantled and reerected at the museum four years later. The care taken in sketching and labeling different elements of 2 8 • I n t e r f a c e D e c e m b e r 2 0 1 2 Photo 2 – The Bayleaf farmhouse in its original location. The building was presented to the museum by the East Surrey Water Company and moved from the site of the Bough Beech reservoir. Photo 3 – The structure of the Bayleaf farmhouse, which has been dated to 1405-1430. Photos 4 and 5 – The Bayleaf farmhouse now reerected in its original form with clay tile roofing. the original building is one of the notable skills of the staff and volunteers working at the museum. This care is of particular importance when the frame comes to be reassembled after several years, putting the timber elements back together again like a jigsaw puzzle. Those of us who regularly survey roofs can recognize the value of clear descriptions of the different parts of a building and their condition. In a typical year, the museum attracts around 150,000 visitors. What is particularly encouraging is that each year there are more than 17,000 schoolchildren who visit to experience first hand the reconstructed timber-framed buildings in a rural setting, often with traditional activities in progress such as milling and plowing. The museum does not receive regular grants or subsidies and relies on a large number of volunteers who contribute to its daily operation. It is one of the positive features of the museum that children and visitors can take part in supervised activities, such as making wooden pegs and having a go at wattle and daub walling. This involves weaving thin wooden strips between vertical stakes to form a wattle panel infill within a timber frame, which is then daubed with a wet mix of clay, chopped straw, and animal dung to form a weathertight wall construction. Recently, the roofing contractor who will be tiling a reassembled cottage has prepared a display and has been giving talks to visitors (Photo 6). Ad ult Ed ucati on The founder of the museum, Roy Armstrong, was particularly keen on promoting adult education, and this key objective continues. The museum promotes courses on historic building conservation for homeowners and tradesmen. In previous years, this has included the manufacture of clay roof tiles, thatching (Photo 7) and flint walling, the use of lime mortars, and energy conservation practices. Joe Thompson, the carpenter in residence, leads workshops on oak timber framing and modern practice. During a five-day course, students have lined out, cut, and fitted the braces, studs, and rails of a traditional Sussex timber-framed building (Photos 8 and 9). For professionals and tradespeople looking to enhance their knowledge and become conservators, two D e c e m b e r 2 0 1 2 I n t e r f a c e • 2 9 Photo 6 – A volunteer helps visitors experience daubing. You want a tested and trusted roofing material – not one that cracks under pressure. Why specify roofing materials that age prematurely, unable to withstand the elements? Roofing membranes should perform for decades – are you settling for less? Use your QR code reader to get the facts or visit www.vinylroofs.org/compare Is your roofing material cracking under the elements? master of science programs on Timber Building Conservation and Building Conservation are offered, validated by the University of York. THE MU SEUM ANNUAL CONFE RENCE This year’s annual conference considered timber roof framing throughout the centuries, from the age of the carpenter to the age of the structural engineer. More than 120 people attended the conference, a good proportion of them being young men and women in their 20s and 30s, which is particularly encouraging. Eight lectures were delivered by experts in their fields, introduced by Richard Harris, a past director of the museum who was responsible for the research, interpretation, and reconstruction of many of the building exhibits. 1000-1200 AD: Fr agments of evid enc e for Saxon ti mber roof str uct ures Fieldwork below ground and in very early woodwork in standing buildings in England has shown that there was a fundamental change in timber building techniques during the later 12th century when the new timber frame “carpentry” was adopted from Norman practice. Fragments of the earlier Saxon tradition of “treewrighting” [woodworking on large-scale projects] survive on waterlogged archaeological sites, above ground at the Greensted stave church, and in stylized form in pictorial evidence in the Bayeux tapestry. Some interesting parallels may also be found in the surviving medieval and later carpentry of countries to the east of the North Sea, such as the use of triangular-shaped window openings. 1200-1600 AD: The Ev oluti on of the En glis h Medi eval Roof Across England, structural forms for new buildings developed during the 13th century, away from cruck frames (comprising pairs of stout timbers spanning from the ground to the ridge and bearing against one another at the apex) to more slender frames with crownposts. This, in turn, changed to the use of side purlins, giving support to the rafters as building practice evolved and spreading from the far west of England in the mid-14th century until the same practice was adopted in eastern England in the 16th century. 3 0 • I n t e r f a c e D e c e m b e r 2 0 1 2 Photos 8 and 9 – A timber-framing workshop in progress within the Jerwood Gridshell space. Photo 7 – The hall from Boarhunt being thatched with long straw. 1800-1940 AD: Timber Roofs and the Ind ustri al Revoluti on With a gradual consensus on a design method for timber, the evolving role of composite timber with iron and steel for large-span industrial and commercial buildings was described, using trussed and lamella forms. Not all structures were successful. The example was given of an ambitious timber arch construction using adhesives and built in 1886 for the new Kings Cross railway station in London. D e c e m b e r 2 0 1 2 I n t e r f a c e • 3 1 Photos 10 and 11 – The reassembly of the 17th-Century cottage oak frame commenced in September 2012 and has attracted many visitors to the museum. 3 2 • I n t e r f a c e D e c e m b e r 2 0 1 2 Unfortunately, the steam from the railway engines contributed to the early failure of the timber frame and its replacement the following year with a cast-iron structure. 1970-2000 AD: Timber Comes of Age This was a formative period in which further advances in steel connections, European design codes, and computer analysis have enabled timber engineering to expand from simple two-dimensional arches to more challenging three-dimensional geodesics and shells, encouraged by an increasing awareness of timber’s green credentials. At the same time, a renaissance in more traditional “green” oak construction has offered a contrast to the more complex modern structures. Raisin g the Fr ame While it is good to observe historic buildings in their original as-built state, much can be learned from the actual assembly of whole buildings. During the fall of 2012, a timber-framed cottage was re-erected. This created much local interest with more than 1,400 visitors on the first day when the carpenters commenced assembly of the frame. The pitched roofs are to be clad in plain clay tiles laid by a local roofing contractor who will be using the full-scale demonstration as a training opportunity, supervised by experienced tilers. Likewise, wattle and daub infill panels will be built by local craftsmen (Photos 10 and 11). It is recognized that in the future, there will be greater opportunities for the construction and property industry in the refurbishment of existing buildings. To this end, there will be a need for skilled tradesmen and designers experienced in the conservation of properties. The work of charities such as the Weald & Downland Open Air Museum should be supported. The museum’s annual conference will be held on October 7, 2013, focusing on “The Medieval Timber Roofs of Europe.” Further details of the conference and other continuing professional development training days will be published on the Museum website: www.wealddown.co.uk. Visitors from North America would be very welcome. All figures courtesy of the Weald & Downland Museum. Keith Roberts is a chartered civil and structural engineer who has specialized for more than 20 years in the investigation and design of modern roofs throughout the UK and Ireland. He is chairman of the CIB/RILEM International Roofing Committee task group developing the concept of “reliable roofing,” which recognizes the importance of centers of knowledge in learning through experience and promoting the training of professionals and tradespeople. He is owner of Roberts Consulting, Abingdon, England, and is a member of RCI and of the Institute of Structural Engineers (UK). Keith Roberts, CEng At your own pace, on your own time, at your fingertips … Roof Drainage Design Roof System Thermal and Moisture Design Roofing Basics Roofing Technology and Science I Roofing Technology and Science II Wind Design for Low-Slope Roofs – Part I: Understanding ASCE 7-05 Wind Load Calculations Wind Design for Low-Slope Roofs – Part II: FM Global Guidelines and Best Practice Considerations www.rci-e-learning.org Online Educational Programs
