INTRODUCTION The design of plazas over occupied spaces must create a system that waterproofs and insulates the structural building deck while supporting pedestrian and/or vehicular traffic and landscaping elements (Figures 1A and 1B). Their design entails multiple layers, including a waterproofing membrane, protection layer, drainage course, insulation, and a wearing surface. Earlier plaza designs did not incorporate a drainage layer within the system components. As a result, water that was trapped between the membrane and wearing surface caused deterioration from freeze/thaw cycling or saturation. Since publication of Charles Parise’s seminal paper in 1981, the accepted ASTM and industry standard requires the incorporation of a drainage course. The system must allow for the flow of water from the plaza wearing surface through the various components to the drains and sides. There are two basic categories of overburden on plazas over occupied spaces: • Hardscaping with wearing surfaces, or • Landscaping or softscaping with plantings, fountains, etc. Systems can be further divided into categories where the membrane is either accessible or inaccessible. Accessible systems are those in which Figures 1A and 1B – Plaza with landscaping elements. J A N U A RY 2008 I N T E R FA C E • 5 the wearing course is removable. Pavers that are installed on insulation, pedestals, or sand beds are classified as accessible systems. Landscaping or planting is also considered to be an accessible system. Inaccessible plaza systems are those in which the membrane is covered with a concrete protection slab or where the wearing surface units are installed in a solid, mortar-setting bed. Fountains and most vehicular wearing surfaces fall into this category. These systems require demolition of the concrete protection slab or solidly grouted units for access to the membrane. A waterproofed plaza system that includes a separate wearing course contains some or all of the following components (Figure 2): • Structural deck, • Membrane, • Protection board or protection membrane, • Drainage layer or course, • Thermal insulation, • Concrete protection slab (optional), • Flashing, or • Wearing surface. An earth-covered system comprises similar components, with the exception of the wearing surface, where the earth fulfills the role of overburden (Figures 3A and 3B). There are three ASTM International Standards that cover waterproofing under hardscaping (nonplant items in a landscape): • C981 – Standard Guide for Design of Built-Up Bituminous Membrane Waterproofing Systems for Building Decks, • C898 – Standard Guide for Use of High-Solids Content, Cold, Liquid-Applied Elastomeric Waterproofing Membrane with Separate Wearing Course, and • C1127 – Standard Guide for Use of High-Solids Content, Cold, Liquid-Applied Elastomeric Waterproofing Membrane with an Integral Wearing Course. Figure 2 – Basic components of membrane waterproofing over a framed structural slab. (Courtesy of ASTM International.) Figures 3A and 3B – Basic components of membrane waterproofing under earth. 6 • IN T E R FA C E J A N U A RY 2008 Designers are advised to consult these standards when designing waterproofed plaza decks because they constitute the current body of knowledge on the subject. STRUCTURAL BUILDING DECK A structural plaza deck typically consists of reinforced concrete slabs, concrete topping over precast units, posttensioned slabs, or composite concrete and steel decking. Reinforced structural concrete slabs are the most common and consist of framed or flat slabs. However, monolithic concrete slabs make a better substrate for waterproofing. Joints between precast units and at their ends may not be in the same plane, and therefore require a concrete topping to even out lippage and to cover lifting rings and welded plates. However, the topping is prone to cracking along joints and, in particular, at the end joints, which may rotate between precast elements at supporting girders. Posttensioned slabs offer better control of deflection and cracking within the plaza deck. However, careful analysis of the deck deflection pattern and posttensioning design is critical to achieve proper slope to drain after the plaza overburden has been placed. Composite decking comprising concrete on steel centering is more commonly used for terraces at higher floor levels than for plaza design at or near grade level. Provisions for venting moisture from the concrete must be made if a liquid membrane is applied to the concrete surface. This is typically achieved by using a slotted steel deck or additional curing time, which can be reduced by a low cement-to-water ratio. Whichever structural system is selected, the waterproofing designer should assure himself that the structural engineer is informed as to the need for positive slope to drain. These discussions should include coordination among the waterproofing designer, landscape architect, and structural engineer to assure adequate load-bearing capacity and slab slope. MEMBRANES Membranes for waterproofed deck systems include: • Conventional built-up bituminous, • Multiple-ply modified bitumen sheets, • Single-ply sheets, and • Liquid- or fluid-applied elastomers. A built-up bituminous membrane consists of alternating multiple plies of saturated felts between applications of bitumen applied onsite (Figure 4). The plies include organic felt, glass mats or fabrics, and polyester mats or fabrics as reinforcement. The bitumen can be asphalt or coal-tar pitch. The bitumen of choice for waterproofing is coal-tar pitch (ASTM D-450, Type I or II) because of its self-healing properties. Organic felts are preferred over glass. Asphalt (ASTM D-449) has greater water absorption than coal-tar pitch and is not suitable. The felt plies can be shingled or phased (ply on ply). In a phased application, moisture that penetrates through a lap leads only to the next ply and not through the entire membrane. Except for tarred felts, membranes constructed of organic felt have not performed well when exposed to standing water. Glassfiber felts are less absorbent than organic felt, but tend to float or sink in coal tar pitch. Roofers familiar with application of pitch and the product itself are increasingly Now you can get all the performance you’ve come to expect from OlyBond500 while contributing to your LEEDcertified projects. Introducing OlyBond500 Green: the same tried-and-true benefits of OlyBond500 insulation adhesive, now recreated with a plantbased formula. Still VOC and odor free, but made with more rapidly renewable resources instead of petroleum based ingredients. And OlyBond500 Green is actually green, which makes it easy to see that what you specify really does end up on the roof. It is easy being green. Be green with OlyBond500. Call 1.800.633.3800 or visit www.OlyBond500Green.com J A N U A RY 2008 I N T E R FA C E • 7 difficult to locate. Modified bitumen sheets are made of asphalt modified with polymers to improve the sheets’ flexibility and elasticity and the cohesive strength of the bitumen. Some are self-adhering sheets, laminated to a highdensity, polyethylene backing, and are often called “peel-and-stick” or rubberized asphalt (Figure 5). The sheets can be applied as single- or multipleply waterproofing membrane systems. They must be protected from ultraviolet exposure within a few weeks of application. Modified bitumen sheets used for roofing do not perform as well when used for waterproofing membranes because of the potential for wicking of the reinforcing at end laps. These systems are fully adhered to the concrete substrate and are sensitive to site conditions, moisture, and deck surface quality. Single-ply sheets include EPDM, butyl rubber, KEE, and PVC. Butyl rubber sheets have an advantage over EPDM sheets because of their lower moisture absorption. This benefit is more important for a waterproofing membrane than EPDM’s greater resistance to ultraviolet exposure. PVC sheets offer improved puncture resistance and heat-welded seams. These sheets are either fully adhered or loose laid. When loose laid, they should be compartmentalized by adhering the sheet in a 3-m (10-ft) grid. This forms compartments that confine water migration if a leak occurs and also helps facilitate leak detection (Figure 6). Liquid-applied membranes include hot and cold: • Polymer-modified asphalt, • Single-blown asphalt, • Coal-tar modified urethane, • Two-component urethanes, • Aliphatic polyurethanes, • Reinforced liquid polyester, • Two-component synthetic rubber, and Figure 4 – Application of a coal-tar pitch waterproofing membrane. Figure 5 – Application of self-adhering modified bitumen membrane. Roofing contractors & specifiers choose Durapax coal tar roofing systems. Coal Tar: First Choice for Flat Roofs Durapax: First Choice in Coal Tar 610.579.9075 Durapax.com • Coal tar roofing provides low cost and long life (25+ years) • Many coal tar roofs last more than 50 years • Coal tar’s cold flow properties provide self-healing • Superior technical & customer support • Delivery you can depend on • Comprehensive warranties • UL & FM approved systems Specify your next flat roof with a Durapax coal tar roofing system. 8 • IN T E R FA C E J A N U A RY 2008 • Polymer-modified asphaltic emulsion. Proper performance of solvated or emulsion- type membrane systems requires that they contain a minimum of 65 percent solids to reduce pinholing. Problems associated with reflective cracking from the deck below can be addressed by proper dry mil thickness of the membrane (which is normally a minimum 60 mils) and by reinforcing. The advantage of adhered membrane systems is the localization of leaks. A disadvantage is the need for rigorous surface preparation of the substrate, which must be dry, with a lightly broomed texture, and dust free. Cracks must be detailed. Liquidapplied membranes should never be used to fill or level surface irregularities. Moisture is the adversary of these systems. It causes urethanes to foam and hotapplied systems to froth. Dust can cause pinholing or entrained air bubbles in the coating film (Figure 7). Unsuitable curing agents such as water glass can inhibit adhesion. Hot-applied liquid systems are often reinforced with polyester or woven glass (Figure 8). This process requires two applications, which minimizes coincident pinholing and thin spots in the membrane. Cold-applied liquid membranes are applied over a concrete substrate by spray, squeegee, roller, brush, trowel, or other method acceptable to the membrane manufacturer (Figure 9). Manufacturers claim that these products are sufficiently elastic to bridge cracks that occur in the concrete after the coating is in place. Reflected cracking is reduced by increased thickness. The reinforced liquid polyester systems require exposure to ultraviolet light to cure. PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) cures from contact with moisture in the air. ASTM International Standard C-836, which was first published in 1976, is a nonproprietary performance specification that describes the required properties and test methods for cold-applied, elastomeric-type waterproofing membranes for both one- and two-component systems. Figure 6 – Compartmentalized installation of single-ply PVC membrane. Figure 7 – Pinholing and air bubbles in liquid-applied membrane. Figures 8A and 8B – Hot-applied membrane application. J A N U A RY 2008 I N T E R FA C E • 1 1 PROTECTION BOARD Waterproofing membranes all require protection during construction as well as from ultraviolet radiation. This protection should be applied as soon as possible after the membrane is installed and flood testing is concluded. The industry’s most common material is an asphalt-core, laminated panel with polyethylene film on one side that prevents sticking. The panel or board is produced in 1.5-mm (1/16-in), 3.1-mm (1/8-in), and 6- mm (1/4-in) thicknesses. One manufacturer produces a 2-mm (.085-in) synthetic, fiber-reinforced, rubberized, asphalt protection sheet in roll form for use with its waterproofing system. Protection of the horizontal waterproofing membrane is mandatory after the membrane is installed and water testing is completed. The sequencing of these steps – membrane application, flood testing, and protection board installation – must continue without interruption. If the protection board installation is delayed, damage to the waterproofing membrane can occur from some of the following construction activities (Figure 10): • Pipe scaffolding without proper protection, • Stockpiled masonry, • Reinforcing bars, • Welding rods, • Fasteners, or • Loose aggregate. All of the above items are hazards to the membrane’s service life. A membrane is worthless after it is damaged or destroyed by careless construction operations. That is why it is important to have a qualified person inspect the membrane to ensure that the protection board is installed after the flood testing is completed. If the membrane fails the flood test, the protection application must be held until the membrane is repaired and retested. DRAINAGE DESIGN When a membrane waterproofing system is applied directly to the structural deck and then covered with a wearing surface or overburden, it is assumed that water will reach the membrane. If this were not true, in this case, there would be no need for the membrane. According to ASTM C-981, drainage of the waterproofed deck system should include all components, from the wearing surface down to the membrane. The structural deck and the supporting columns and walls should be properly designed to provide positive slope. Inadequate slope to Figure 9 – Squeegee application of cold-applied liquid membrane. Figure 10 – Construction activities over protection board. Figure 11 – Plastic drainage panel. 12 • I N T E R FA C E J A N U A RY 2008 drain is a common deficiency in plaza design. Drainage at the membrane level is required for the following reasons: • To avoid building up hydrostatic pressure due to collected water against the membrane, • To avoid freeze-thaw cycling of trapped water that could heave and disrupt the wearing surface, • To minimize the harmful effect that standing water may have on the wearing surface material and membrane, and • To minimize thermal inefficiency of wet insulation or water below the insulation. A 2 percent (6-mm or 1/4-in-per-ft) slope is recommended for positive drainage. The substrate should slope away from expansion joints and walls. Gravel or plastic drainage panels (Figure 11) or grooved or ribbed insulation boards can provide the necessary medium to facilitate water flow to drains. Waterproofed decks should incorporate multilevel drains capable of draining all layers (Figure 12). These drains must permit differential movement between the strainer located at the wearing level and the drain body that is cast into the structural concrete slab to prevent shearing. The drainage of a waterproofing system at the wearing surface level can be accom- J A N U A RY 2008 I N T E R FA C E • 1 3 Figure 12 – Two-stage plaza drain. (Courtesy of ASTM International.) plished through an open-joint or closedjoint system. The open-joint system allows rainwater to quickly filter down to the membrane level and subsurface drainage system. A closed-joint system is designed to remove most of the rainwater rapidly by sloping to surface drains and allowing a minor portion to gradually infiltrate down to the membrane level. Open-joint systems include pavers on pedestals or pavers placed directly on ribbed polystyrene insulation boards (Figure 13). Joints should be less than 6 mm (1/4 in) wide to minimize catching high-heeled shoes and cigarettes. Advantages are: • Elimination of the cost and maintenance of sealant joints, • Easier adaptability to a dead-level wearing surface, • Faster and more efficient drainage, and • Easier access for cleaning and repairs to subsurface components. The disadvantages are: • Rocking of improperly set pavers due to pedestrian traffic, • Unpleasant reverberations from heel impact, and • Possible hazards for pedestrians wearing high-heeled shoes. Closed-joint systems consist of either a mortar-setting bed or caulked joints. This type of construction changes the waterproofing membrane to a secondary line of waterproofing defense, since the majority of rainwater is drained from the wearing surface level (Figure 14). The closed-joint system should slope away from adjoining walls and expansion joints to direct water away, both above and below the wearing surface level. The advantages of a closed-joint system include: • Protection of the membrane from deicing chemicals, dirt, and debris, • Its flexibility to accommodate a greater variety of paver types, designs, and sizes, and • The feeling of solidity under pedestrian traffic. The main disadvantages are: • It drains extremely slowly, • It imposes a hydrostatic head of pressure on the membrane, and • It is difficult to access for membrane repair. A third system that is better than a closed-joint system, but not as good as an open-joint system, is one that provides for Figures 13A and 13B – Open joint pavers on pedestals. Figures 14A and 14B – Closed joint pavers over mortar-setting bed. 14 • I N T E R FA C E J A N U A RY 2008 brick or stone pavers in a sand-setting bed. INSULATION The selection of insulation and location in the system are influenced by: • Deck design, • Environment under which it may be functioning, • Its physical and chemical properties, • Characteristics of the wearing surface, and • Loads to be supported. Insulation placed over the waterproofing membrane, protection, and drainage layer results in maximum system benefit. When insulation is placed in this location, the deck and membrane are insulated against extreme temperature cycles, and the membrane can then function as a vapor retarder. The location of the insulation above the membrane also provides additional protection to the membrane. The choice of insulation type is limited to extruded polystyrene (XPS) [ASTM International C-578 Standard Specification for Rigid, Cellular Polystyrene Thermal Insulation]. It must be able to accommodate the plaza dead and live loads and be dimensionally stable and compatible with the w a t e r p r o o f i n g membrane. It must also be as non-absorbent as possible and resistant to freeze/ thaw deterioration. FLASHING and EXPANSION JOINTS Waterproofed deck systems, like roof systems, require flashings where the membrane terminates at walls, penetrations, and expansion joints. However, unlike roof systems, where the flashing installation follows the membrane installation, flashing of waterproofed deck terminations or penetrations is generally installed prior to the membrane application. Flashing Installation Reinforce all intersections that occur at walls, corners, or any other location that may be subjected to unusual stress with one additional ply of membrane. Extend flashing membranes above the wearing surface a minimum of 100 mm (8 in). This height is critical if the plaza design incorporates a wearing surface with closed joints. When the flashing extends above the COATINGS SEALANTS MEMBRANES POLYUREAS While keeping the environment in mind, Pacific Polymers has developed a complete line of low odor, solvent free roof coatings for the construction industry, that comply to the highest of standards. Contact us today to learn more about green roof solutions. ELASTO-TEX PREMIUM ROOF COAT Premium Acrylic Roof Coating Pacific Polymers International, Inc. 12271 Monarch St. Garden Grove, CA 92841 USA Toll Free: 800.888.8340 Phone: 714.898.0025 Fax:714.898.5687 www.pacpoly.com GREEN ROOF SOLUTIONS ELASTO-MAT 100 Liquid Applied Sheet Roofing & Waterproof Membrane ELASTO-DECK 6500 RC Cold Process Polyurea Roof Coating J A N U A RY 2008 I N T E R FA C E • 1 5 Figure 15 – Gutter drain at access door with ADA grating. wearing surface, it must be covered or protected against exposure to ultraviolet sunlight with sheet metal or vertical wall finishes such as stone, stucco, etc. Some liquidapplied membranes (LAM) are self flashing. When 200-mm (8-in) flashing heights are impractical, and particularly at access doors that open onto the plaza at the same elevation for ADA accessibility, a gutter with grating is recommended (Figure 15). Expansion Joints Flashing at expansion joints located in the field of the plaza or at rising walls should be installed on a curb that is raised at least 38 mm (1-1/2 in) above the structural deck (Figure 16). This allows water to be directed away from the joint. This method is far superior in safeguarding against leakage. A less costly method is to flash the joint at the membrane level. This method entails greater risk than the water shed concept since it relies on positive sealing of materials at the membrane level, where the membrane is most vulnerable to water penetration. The materials used and their joining must be carefully considered and designed. The installation requires the highest degree of workmanship for success without any margin for error and is not advisable. For moisture-sensitive occupancies, consider using a drainage gutter under the joint. CONCRETE PROTECTION SLAB A reinforced concrete protection slab that is at least 76 mm (3 in) thick is an optional component in waterproofing systems for both plazas and earth-covered slabs. When a paved area is used for vehicular traffic, a concrete protection slab is mandatory to prevent damage and failure of the waterproofing membrane from braking loads, turning stresses, etc. Moreover, in a plaza system, a concrete protection slab will protect the membrane during subsequent construction activities. In earth-covered systems, it serves to protect the membrane from root damage that may penetrate the drainage course and protection board. The inclusion or exclusion of a concrete protection slab is a major design decision in plaza waterproofing systems and balances accessibility against reliability. Gaining accessibility to the membrane by specifying removable components above the membrane is an enormous advantage. It can facilitate repairs and membrane replacement. Accessibility to the membrane can sacrifice reliability. Protection boards and drainage composite boards can provide resistance to root intrusion for earth-covered slabs. However, they cannot provide the level of resistance to root intrusion that a concrete protection slab can, or the protection from landscaping equipment. The decision to incorporate a concrete protection slab must be based on cost, which includes the initial cost of the slab and the potential cost associated with its removal to access the waterproofing membrane. WEARING COURSE As stated previously, wearing surfaces are generally divided into open-joint systems that are drained at the membrane level and closed-joint systems that are drained at the surface. Waterproofing membranes in an openjoint system are infrequently subjected to hydrostatic pressure exceeding 5 psf (25 mm [1 in] depth of water). Closed-joint systems shed water at the surface and similarly protect the membrane from hydrostatic pressure. Any waterproofed plaza wearing surface must satisfy the following criteria: • Structurally sound to bear the intended traffic, • Durable under heavy wear and weathering, • Resistant to abrasion, • Aesthetically pleasing, and • Heat reflecting. The first two items are mandatory, and the last two are optional. EARTH-COVERED SLABS Although beyond the scope of this paper, earth-covered slabs can be planted with ground cover, shrubs, and trees. Typically referred to as green roof systems, they are an extension of the existing roof that involves a high-quality waterproofing and root barrier system, a drainage system, filter cloth, a growing medium, and plants. Green roof systems may be modular, with drainage layers, filter cloth, growing media and plants already prepared in movable, interlocking grids; or each component of the system may be installed separately. A green roof involves the creation of “contained” green space on top of a man-made structure. In today’s environment, building owners and architects are embracing green roof technology. The two distinct types of green roofs are intensive and extensive. Extensive green roofs are much lighter in weight with engineered soil depths ranging from 75 mm (3 in) to 175 mm (7 in). Due to the shallow soils and the extreme environments on many roofs, plants are typically low-growing ground cover that are ex- Figure 16 – Schematic section through expansion joints. (Courtesy of ASTM International.) 16 • I N T E R FA C E J A N U A RY 2008 tremely sun and drought tolerant. Extensive green roofs can be installed over existing roof decks, provided a structural engineer first inspects the structure to ascertain its load capacity. Although the focus of most extensive green roofs is their environmental benefit, extensive green roofs still require periodic maintenance and must be designed to resist wind uplift. Intensive green roofs are characterized by thick soil depths (200 mm – 1.2 m [8 in – 4 ft]), heavy weights, and elaborate plantings that include shrubs and trees. Intensive green roofs are installed primarily over concrete roof decks to withstand the weight requirements. These park-like green roofs can be at or above grade and require considerable maintenance to sustain their aesthetic appearance. PLAZA FURNITURE If a plaza design includes planters, reflecting pools, foundations, benches, and other plaza “furniture,” they should be installed over the waterproofing membrane. These items should be waterproofed individually and not integrated as part of the primary waterproofing membrane. Trees should be planted in concrete containers (Figure 17) to avoid damage from root penetration or landscape shovels. FLOOD TESTING A failed waterproofing system is more destructive and expensive to correct than a failed roof. The replacement cost of a failed roof can be anywhere from $15 to $22 psf; a failed waterproofed plaza, between $75 and $125 psf, at a minimum. It is therefore advisable to flood-test a waterproofed deck after the flashing and membrane have been installed. ASTM D-5957, Flood-testing Horizontal Waterproofing Installations, first published in 1996, provides the necessary method for testing the watertightness of a waterproofed deck (Figure 18). Some limitations of this standard are: • S l o p e of deck or membrane to be tested must not exceed 2 percent (6.25 mm [1/4 in]) per foot). • Membranes should be LAMs, adhered or loose-laid sheets, builtup, and modified membranes. • Testing should not take place until 24 hours after the membrane has been installed. (This requirement increases to 48 hours if the membrane was installed at ambient temperatures below 50˚F.) • Flashing and membrane must be inspected and repaired prior to testing. If a leak occurs during the test process, the following provisions are to be followed: • Drain water. • Locate and repair leak. • Retest area under the same initial conditions. Electric field vector mapping (EFVM™) is a tool for improving quality control of waterproofing systems. Although relatively new to the United States, it has achieved a long record of success in Europe. The system was pioneered in Germany. EFVM, unlike other leak-detection methods, can quickly and accurately locate the point of water entry. EFVM uses water as an electrically conductive medium. A wire loop is installed around the perimeter of the area to be tested and introduces an electrical potential. The area within the loop is dampened and J A N U A RY 2008 I N T E R FA C E • 1 7 Figure 17 – Planter containers. forms the upper electrical plate. The structural deck then becomes the lower plate. The membrane acts as separator and insulator between the two plates. If moisture enters a defect in the membrane, an electrical contact is established. The survey technician can then follow the direction of the electric field to the membrane defect. Advocates of EFVM state that the test method: • Locates defects precisely, enabling efficient repairs. • Enables immediate retest of repairs. • Can be used after cover systems are installed, especially with green roof landscapes. • Is less expensive than conventional flood testing. • Eliminates the hazard of overloading structural decks during testing. • Can be used on steeply sloped roof surfaces where flood testing is impossible. The suitability of EFVM depends on the electrical resistance of the waterproofing materials, so all membranes may not be compatible with this test method. Systems that employ a root barrier require special procedures, since the root barrier will act as an insulating layer. When a root barrier is used, it is necessary to make small slits in the barrier to permit the establishment of electrical contact with the underlying waterproofing membrane. These cuts can be resealed after the leak is located. SUMMARY A plaza design over occupied spaces must create a system that waterproofs and insulates the structural building deck while supporting pedestrian and/or vehicular traffic, as well as landscaping elements. The building deck must be reasonably smooth, sound, and provide adequate slope to promote drainage. The waterproofing membrane selected and installed must be capable of withstanding long-term exposure to ponding water. Flashings at drains, penetrations, expansion joints, and other similar membrane terminations should be carefully detailed, since most leakage problems occur at these locations. Insulation should be placed above the membrane to minimize temperature cycles of the membrane and deck and provide additional protection for the membrane. The insulation must have high compressive strength, low water absorption, and be resistant to freeze/thaw. Drainage at the membrane level is an essential component of the system. Drainage at both the membrane level and below the wearing surface is particularly important to ensure water flow to drains and minimize freeze/thaw heaving or deterioration of the wearing surface. The wearing surface should be aesthetically pleasing, durable, and able to accommodate loads associated with the plaza function. The wearing surface should consist of discrete components to facilitate removal and reinstallation and to allow for maintenance. EDITOR’S NOTE: This paper is reprinted from the Proceedings of the 2007 RCI Symposium on Building Envelope Technology, Nov. 8-9, 2007, in Boston, MA. BIBLIOGRAPHY Buccellato, Paul, “Below-Grade Waterproofing Selection Process,” Proceedings of the 2006 RCI Building Envelope Technology Symposium, Washington, DC, RCI, Inc. Buccellato, Paul, “Principles for Better Waterproofing,” Proceedings of the 2002 RCI Building Envelope Technology Symposium, Coral Springs, FL, RCI, Inc. Henshell, Justin, The Manual of Below- Grade Waterproofing Systems, 2000, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY. Kubal, Michael K., Waterproofing the Building Envelope, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, NY. Parise, Charles, Waterproofing Structural Concrete Decks over Occupied Space, 1981 American Concrete Institute’s SP-70. Simpson, Gumpertz & Heger, The Building Envelope: Solutions to Problems. Paul Buccellato is a registered architect in four states and holds a certificate from the National Council of Architectural Registration Boards. He is also a Registered Waterproofing Consultant with RCI. Buccellato is a member of the American Institute of Architects, the New Jersey Society of Architects, the Construction Specifications Institute, RCI, and ASTM, Committees D-08 Roofing and Waterproofing (chairman Subcommittee D08.20 Roofing Membrane Systems), C-15 Masonry Units, and C-24. Mr. Buccellato has authored several technical papers on waterproofing and roofing, four ASTM standards on roofing and waterproofing, and has lectured at Brookdale College, NJ. He wrote a column on roof design for The Roofing Specifier and is coauthor of an NCARB monograph on built-up roofing. He has presented papers relating to waterproofing and roofing for RCI and ASTM. Paul is a member of RCI’s Education and Waterproofing Examination Committees and of NRCA’s Educational Resource Committee. Paul Buccellato, RWC,AIA, FASM 18 • I N T E R FA C E J A N U A RY 2008 Figures 18A and 18B – Flood-testing. (Sketch courtesy of ASTM International.)
